6100 MACHINE DESCRIPTION The IM6100 (Intersil) and HM6100 (Harris) microprocessors are 12-bit word addressable machines having three 12-bit program ac- cessible registers and one single bit register. These are the Accumulator (AC), MQ Register (MQ), Program Counter (PC), and the Link (L) respectively. The 6100 is basically a clone of the Digital Equipment Cor- poration PDP-8E minicomputer architecture. This architecture predates all microprocessors and labeled the bits from 0 (the most significant) to 11 (the least significant) rather than from least to most significant. The actual labelling is arbitrary and the as6100 assembler uses the now more common labelling. The output generated from the assembler/linker is two bytes per word ordered as MSB then LSB with the upper 4 bits of the MSB always zero.
ASSEMBLER SPECIFIC DIRECTIVES
Because the 6100 microprocessor has no concept of bytes
several of the cross assembler directives have their operation
changed to reflect the 12-Bit nature of the microprocessor.
These are:
.byte (.db and .fcb are aliases)
output an 8-Bit value
into a 12-bit word
.word (.dw and .fdb are aliases)
output a 12-Bit value
into a 12-Bit word
.ascii (.asciz and ascis also)
output a sequence of 8-Bit
characters in 12-bit words
A double precision integer (24-Bits) mnemonic has been added:
.dubl (.4byte and .quad are aliases)
output a 24-Bit value
into two 12-bit words
Two new directives have been added to implement 6-bit
character string operations. The characters A-Z and [/]^_ are
masked to values of 0x01 to 0x1F, the characters a-z are masked
to values of 0x01 to 0x1A, and the characters from ' ' (space)
to '?' are masked to 0x20 to 0x3F. All other ascii characters
become a space (0x20).
These are:
.text output upto two characters per 12-bit
word
.textz output upto two characters per 12-bit
word
followed by a 6-bit zero value.
MACHINE SPECIFIC DIRECTIVES
The 6100 microprocessor memory architecture consists of 32
pages each having 128 words for a total of 4096 addressable
words. The 6100 instruction set allows direct access only to
the current page and to page 0. Three machine specific direc-
tives provide differing methods to select the memory page.
These directives are:
.setpg
Format:
.setpg ; . = next page boundary
.setpg N ; . = Nth page boundary
where: N is the page number from 0 to 31
The .setpg directive is used to set the current program loca-
tion counter to a specific 128 word page boundary or to the next
128 word page boundary and inform the assembler/linker of this
boundary.
.mempn
Format:
.mempn N ; . = Nth page boundary
where: N is the page number from 0 to 31
The .mempn directive is used to set the current program loca-
tion counter to a specific 128 word page boundary and inform the
assembler/linker of this boundary.
.mempa
Format:
.mempa A ; . = A (a page boundary)
where: A is a 128 word page address boundary
The .mempa directive is used to set the current program loca-
tion counter to a specific page boundary address and inform the
assembler/linker of this boundary.
6100 INSTRUCTION SET
The following tables list all 6100 family mnemonics recog-
nized by the AS6100 assembler. The instruction set is described
in 3 major groupings: Basic Instructions, Operate Microinstruc-
tions, and IOT Instructions.
Basic Instructions
The basic instructions are:
and Logical AND
tad Binary ADD
isz Increment and skip if zero
dca Deposit and clear AC
jms Jump to subroutine
jmp Jump
These instructions have two paging addressing modes:
addr current page address
*addr page 0 address
which can be combined with an indirect mode signified by an i
argument or enclosing brackets []:
i addr indirect current page
[addr]
i *addr indirect page 0
[*addr] or *[addr]
The 6100 implements an auto-increment mode when accessing ad-
dresses 0x08 - 0x0F in page 0 by incrementing the contents of
the location before using the value as an address.
Operate Instructions
The operate instructions are split into three groups of mu-
tually exclusive micro operations. The single micro operation
in common with all three groups is:
CLA Clear Accumulator
Group 1 Operate Instructions -
The group 1 microinstructions are used primarily to perform
logical operations on the contents of the accumulator and link:
CLL Clear Link
CMA Complement Accumulator
CML Complement Link
IAC Increment Accumulator
RAL Rotate Accumulator Left
RTL Rotate Two Left
RAR Rotate Accumulator Right
RTR Rotate Two Right
BSW Byte Swap
A group 1 microinstruction can contain one or all of the mnemon-
ics CLA, CLL, CMA, CML, IAC, but only one of the RAL, RTL, RAR,
RTR, or BSW mnemonics (RAL, RTL, RAR, RTR, and BSW are mutually
exclusive).
The NOP (No Operation) functionality can be implemented in
all three operate instruction groups but is specified by the as-
sembler as a group 1 instruction.
Several common group 1 operations have been given their own
mnemonics:
NOP NO Operation
CIA Complement and Increment Accumulator
GLT Get Link
STA Set Accumulator
Group 2 Operate Instructions -
The group 2 microinstructions are used primarily to test the
contents of the accumulator and/or link and then conditionally
skip the next sequential instruction:
HLT Halt
OSR Or With Switch Register
SKP Skip
SNL Skip On Non-Zero Link
SZL Skip On Zero Link
SZA Skip On Zero Accumulator
SNA Skip On Non-Zero Accumulator
SMA Skip On Minus Accumulator
SPA Skip On Plus Accumulator
A group 2 microinstruction can contain one or all of the mnemon-
ics CLA, HLT, OSR, but only one of the SKP, SNL, SZL, SZA, SNA,
SMA, or SPA mnemonics (SKP, SNL, SZL, SZA, SNA, SMA, and SPA are
mutually exclusive).
One common group 2 operation has been given its own mnemonic:
LAS Load Accumulator With Switch Register
Group 3 Operate Instructions -
The group 3 microinstructions perform logical operations on
the contents of AC and MQ.
MQL MQ Register Load
MQA MQ Register Into Accumulator
A group 3 microinstruction can contain one or all of the mnemon-
ics CLA, MQL, and MQA.
Several common group 3 operations have been given their own
mnemonics:
SWP Swap Accumulator and MQ Register
CAM Clear Accumulator and MQ Register
ACL Clear Accumulator and Load
MQ Register into Accumulator
Group Errors -
The 6100 assembler has three additional error codes which oc-
cur when the group 1, 2, or 3 operations are mixed. The error
code will be <1>, <2>, or <3> based upon the first group type
encountered followed by any other type of group operation. The
CLA operation is valid with all groups and does not cause an er-
ror code to be generated.
Input/Output (IOT) Instructions
The input/output transfer instructions are used to control
the operation of peripherals and transfer data between peri-
pherals and the 6100 microprocessor. Of the lower 9 bits of the
instruction used for device selection and control typically the
3 LSBs are the I/O operation bits and the remaining 6 bits
select the peripheral device.
IOT DEV,CMND
where DEV is the device select code and
CMND is the command code.
Specifying a device select code of zero in the IOT instruction
allows the user program to control the interrupt mechanism of
the 6100 microprocessor. These instructions are:
SKON Skip If Interrupt On
ION Interrupt Turn On
IOF Interrupt Turn Off
SRQ Skip If Int Request
GTF GetFlags
RTF Return Flags
SGT Defined By Device Logic
CAF Clear All Flags
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